What is Diabetes Mellitus?

Diabetes mellitus is a kind of metabolic disease that is brought about by either the insufficient production of insulin or the inability of the body to respond to the insulin formed within the system.

 

In response to this, the body also produces symptoms of polyuria or frequent urination, polyphagia or increased hunger and polydipsia or increased thirst. Read on and get to know what is diabetes mellitus and the underlying processes that produce such conditions.

So what is diabetes mellitus exactly?

For us to know what is diabetes mellitus and to fully understand the condition, we must discuss the different types of diabetes mellitus.
The disease can be classified into three different categories: the type 1, type 2 and the gestational diabetes.

What is diabetes mellitus type 1?

Diabetes mellitus type 1 is caused by the loss of beta cells found in the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas.
Beta cells primarily produce insulin and hence, their loss will lead to huge insulin deficiencies in the body.
In most cases, the loss of the beta cells is caused by an autoimmune attack mediated by the body’s own T-cells.

Type 1 diabetes mellitus makes up 10% of all the diabetes mellitus cases in Europe and in North America.
Up until today, there have been no preventive measures found for disease. Most of the patients who acquire this type of diabetes are found in the younger populations. Because of this, Type 1 diabetes mellitus is also now known as the juvenile diabetes.

What is diabetes mellitus type 2?

Another type of diabetes mellitus is the type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is generally characterized by the body’s resistance to insulin. This is primarily attributed to the loss of certain insulin receptors in the tissues that are supposed to mediate the entrance of insulin into the body’s cells.

This particular kind of diabetes is the most common kind that afflicts most of the reported cases of the disease. Type 2 diabetes usually leads to hyperglycemia which can be tre
ated by a series of medications that can either improve the body’s insulin sensitivity or improve the liver’s production of insulin in the system.

The last major category of diabetes mellitus is the gestational diabetes. This type of diabetes commonly occurs in pregnant women and may disappear or even progress right after delivery. Gestational diabetes generally manifests the same kind of complication found in type 2 diabetes.

Just like in type 2 diabetes, the body also exhibits a resistance to insulin and can sometimes produce insufficient amounts of the substance as well. This kind of diabetes is fully treatable but may require very close monitoring.

Diabetes Mellitus: What is gestational diabetes?

 

 What is Diabetes Mellitus?
 

Gestational diabetes can have damaging effects to both the mother and the unborn baby.
Mothers who have untreated gestational diabetes may give birth to babies with macrosomia or high birth weight, congenital heart and nervous system anomalies, respiratory disease syndrome and even malformations of the skeletal muscles.

In most cases, pregnant women who have gestational diabetes are induced during labor or they are recommended to go through a caesarean section to prevent further complications during delivery.
Knowing such things about the disease is very important since it can give you a better understanding of what is diabetes mellitus and the proper steps that are needed to be taken for treatment.

Now I know, his got Neurofibromatosis

 

Aside from the ‘silent hill’ attraction, one of my earliest memories along ADD St (the main street at ADD Compound) was when I came to meet a man on my way home from school. He has remarkable bumps all over his body and is scattered throughout his face which now appears disfigured.

 

Many would think he may have a contagious illness, which will compel you to cover nose or curb on the edgiest way to simply avoid him, I on the other hand never did. Besides, compound guards and personnel are very strict about permitting anyone to enter the gates; you can rest your confidence that they do their jobs well by ensuring protection and security among its inhabitants, which took me to the conclusion that the man is not at all contagious.

 

My focal concern was on the bumps itself. I’ve never seen such before. My innocence about the condition was only cracked open when I read an article in the Philippine Star about a woman who suffers from the same disease only different in classification and symptoms which they call NEUROFIBROMATOSIS. The latter suffers from NF2 Neurofibromatosis having the symptoms of deafness, paralysis and brain tumors while the former is categorized under NF1 or Neurofibromatosis Type 1.

 

Neurofibromatosis is characterized by the growth of tumors around the nerve tissues which can be harmless or may cause serious damage if nerves or tissues are compressed. Tumors excessively proliferate to areas with rich nerve supply such as the skin, and main parts of the Central Nervous System (CNS). These also interferes melanocyte function which result to disordered skin pigmentation. This very rare disease is usually genetically-inherited or cause can be traced through family history. In very extreme cases can occur through gene-mutation. Both men and women is equally affected (autosomal dominant) and in order to have the disease only one copy of the disordered gene is needed. Therefore, if one of the parents has neurofibromatosis at least 50% is the chance for their child to acquire the condition as well.

 

Inflicted Individuals commonly have bumps under the skin, colored spots, skeletal problems, pressure on the spinal nerve roots, and other neurological problems.
I made superficial research about the different classification of Neurofibromatosis to gain wider understanding of the pathology and symptoms like and unlike.

Neurofibromatosis Type 1

-This is characterized by the growth of neurofibromas (which are noncancerous (benign) tumors that are usually located on or just under the skin.) However, when tumors strike nerves along the spine can become cancerous and now dubbed as malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors. Malignancy happens usually on adolescence or adulthood period. Beginning early childhood, café-au-lait spots, a dark flat spots, Lisch nodule (a benign tumor developing in the colored part of the eye but don’t interfere vision operation), gliomas(tumor growing along the nerve path from eye to the brain and is responsible for vision reduction.) may occur.

-Additional signs and symptoms of neurofibromatosis type 1 include high blood pressure (hypertension), short stature, an unusually large head (macrocephaly), and skeletal abnormalities such as an abnormal curvature of the spine (scoliosis). Although most people with neurofibromatosis type 1 have normal intelligence, learning disabilities and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) occur frequently in affected individuals.

Neurofibromatosis Type 2

-This type of neurofibromatosis,unfortunately, can turn someone out a bed-ridden like the woman I was referring above post. Schwannomas or acoustic neuromas, tumors that develop along the nerve that carries information from the inner to the brain, are mostly associated with NF2. The usual symptoms are hearing loss, ringing of ears or tinnitus, motion and balance problem. When an affected person reach the early thirties or any period depending on severity, complication becomes aggravating, changes in vision or sensation, numbness or weakness in the arms or legs, and fluid buildup in the brain. Some people with neurofibromatosis type 2 also develop clouding of the lens (cataracts) in one or both eyes, often beginning in childhood.

Diabetes Mellitus – 12 Important Facts You Need to Know

Diabetes is a group of diseases caused by a relative or absolute deficiency of insulin in the body. Insulin is the hormone responsible for the proper uptake and utilization of glucose by the different body cells, the body cells need glucose to produce energy for them to use. The deficiency of this hormone thus causes accumulation of glucose in the blood leading to the development of the disease.

1. Diabetes mellitus is world wide epidemic with about 177 million people living with diabetes mellitus worldwide. This is expected to rise to 300 million by the year 2025.
80% of diabetes mellitus cases live in the developing countries while the remaining 20% live in developed countries.

There are however about 40% of undiagnosed cases. The projected rate of increase in developed countries by 2025 is 42% and 170% in developing countries {WHO1999}

2. Diabetes has no cure, it can only be controlled to keep the blood levels within the normal range and as long as this is maintained there will be less occurrence of complications.

3. It affects people of different sexes, different race, and different background.

4. It can be prevented.

5. It can cause serious hardship and suffering especially if not properly controlled.

6. There are different classes of diabetes;
a.type 1 diabetes mellitus
b.type 2 diabetes mellitus
c.gestational diabetes mellitus
d.impaired glucose tolerance {pre- diabetes}
e.secondary diabetes

7. It is the leading cause of blindness in adults.

8. It is the second most common cause of limb amputation after trauma.

9. It is the fourth most common cause of death in developed countries.

10. The occurrence of stroke and heart attack is four times more common amongst diabetics than in the normal population.

11. Diabetic management includes:
a- health education for diabetics to achieve healthy lifestyles.
b- nutritional consultations to achieve the adoption of healthy diet by the diabetic
c- close medical care and follow up by your physician
d- maintenance of blood sugar levels within normal range, fasting blood sugar

Diabetic (Diabetes mellitus)

Diabetic, Diabetes or Diabetes mellitus is a diseases in which your body cannot regulate the level of sugar in your blood. Basically, the sugar you take in form of food is broken down in glucose. This glucose is then transferred in the blood to be circulated in the body. Glucose is the fuel of the cells so cell takes their fuel from your blood. In your body there is an organ known as pancreas, this organ maintain the glucose level in your blood by injecting sufficient amount of Insulin so that cells can use glucose properly for their fueling.

If pancreas becomes ineffective than sugar level become high and you know that over fuelling or lubricating will result in engine failure. But before engine fails completely there are symptoms that engine will going to be failed and this stage is known as Pre-Diabetes.

• Pre-Diabetes: What is Pre-Diabetes

As I write above that before complete failure engine shows some symptoms so same as in your body if your pancreas are on route for failure and not producing sufficient amount of insulin as required, your sugar level will increase from normal but not much high and this is the sign that you are going to be a diabetic (diabetes) patient sooner or later this is also called “impaired glucose tolerance” or “impaired fasting glucose”. You should seriously concentrate on losing weight and changing your life style.

There are two types of diabetes, which are

1. Type 1 diabetes
2. Type 2 diabetes

1. Type 1 diabetes

Type 1 diabetes is the complete failure of pancreas, in this your pancreas are unable to produce insulin to regulate sugar level in blood. The only cause which is understood is the genetic disorder and other causes are still not known. This can be most probably hit you after age of 30, but it can also hit you at any age. After getting in Type 1 diabetes you must use insulin by injecting in your skin to maintain sugar level in the blood.

2. Type 2 diabetes

Type 2 diabetes is not a complete failure but can be called as complete disorder of sugar level in your glucose regulation system means no synchronization between the components of this system. In this your pancreas produces insulin, but your cell does not react to it and in result your sugar level become too high which lead to complications. This diabetic (diabetes) disease usually hit you over 35 year of age but can also hit in any age depending on your lifestyle, having junk food regularly, no exercise, genetics and increased age.

There is another special type of diabetic (diabetes) which is only related with pregnant woman and baby which is know as Gestational Diabetes:

• Gestational Diabetes:

Gestational Diabetes

Gestational Diabetes is just like Type 2 diabetes. In this your body’s glucose regulatory system becomes unsynchronized and your sugar level shoots up. This disease affects around 4~5 percent of all pregnant women, if not controlled serious complication will occurs which affects both you and your baby. This usually appears on the second trimester and disappears after the birth of the baby. Your doctor will guide you with medication, diet plan and some exercises. Gestational Diabetes will increase your chance of getting in Type 2 diabetes in life and also risk of getting in Gestational Diabetes in your next pregnancy.

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Diabetes mellitus (contents)

General information

• What is diabetes mellitus?
• Clinical presentation of diabetes
• Types of diabetes
• What is pre-diabetic state?
• Maturity onset dibetes of young adults
• Epidemiology of diabetes
• Nutrition of diabetes
• Ayurveda remedy for diabetes mellitus
• Bitter gourd remedy for diabetes mellitus
  

Type 1 Diabetes mellitus

• Type 1 diabetes mellitus
• Clinical features of type 1 dm
• Investigations for type1 dm
• Overview of management of type 1 dm
• Medication for type 1 dm
• Follow up plan for type 1dm

Type 2 Diabetes mellitus

• Type 2 diabetes mellitus
• Clinical features of type 2 dm
• Investigations for type2 dm
• Overview of management of type 2 dm
• Medication for type 2 dm
• Follow up plan for type 2 dm

Diabetes and pregnancy

• Diabetes and pregnancy
• Fetal abnormalities/problems (morbidity) with diabetes during pregnancy
• Maternal problems (morbidity) associated with diabetes during pregnancy
• Perinatal morbidities and birth injuries associated with pregnancies complicated with diabetes
• Investigations of diabetes during pregnancy
• Diagnosing diabetes during pregnancy
• Peripartal management of patients and fetuses with diabetes
• Pregnancy management of women with gestational diabetes (GDM)
• Pregnancy management of women with preexisting diabetes
• Insulin therapy for pregnant mothers with diabetes
• Medical Care for pregnancies complicated with diabetes
• Timing and route of delivery for pregnancies with diabetes.
• Screening for diabetes during pregnancy
• Follow up of diabetes mothers following delivery
• Medicolegal Pitfalls and diabetes in pregnancies

Investigations

• Laboratory tests for Screening and Diagnosis of diabetes mellitus
• Glucose tolerance test
• Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1C)

Management

• Overview of management
• Nutritional advices
• Life style modifications
• Oral antidiabetic drugs
• Insulin

Oral antidiabetic drugs

• Oral glucose lowering agents
• Sulphonylureas
• Biguanides
• Thiazolidinediones
• Arcabose
• Meglitinides

Insulin

• PHYSIOLOGY OF INSULIN
• TYPES OF INSULIN
• Insulin injection technique
• Insulin resistance
• C-peptide

Diabetic emergencies

• Diabetic ketoacidosis
• Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state

Complications of diabetes

• Complications of diabetes mellitus
• Diabetic Nephropathy
• Diabetic neuropathy
• Diabetic Retinopathy
• DIABETIC FOOT
• Management of diabetic foot diseases
• erectile dysfunction

Diabetes insipidus

• Diabetes insipidus
  

Erectile dysfunction and diabetes

• Male Erectile Failure and Diabetes
• Management of erectile dysfunction in diabetic patients

Diabetes and other conditions

• Hypertention and diabetes
• Surgery and diabetes
• Psychological aspects of diabetes

New developments

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What is diabetes mellitus?

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder. patients with diabetes mellitus have a high blood sugar (glucose) due to the lack of insulin or due to increased resistance to insulin. Diabetes mellitus is the new world pandemic. Now diabetes is considered as a part of metabolic syndrome.

There are four types of diabetes;

1. Type 1 diabetes mellitus ( due to lack of insulin)
2. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (due to increased resistence to insulin)
3. Type 3 diabetes mellitus ( secondary to other illness)
4. Type 4 diabetes mellitus (diabets mellitus during pregnancy)

Universal blue circle symbol for diabetes

clinical features, management and different aspects of diabetes mellitus depend on the type of diabetes mellitus.